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The 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis was a political dispute over plans to rewrite the Constitution of Honduras. It began when Honduran President Manuel Zelaya planned to hold a poll on a referendum on a constituent assembly to change the constitution. A majority of the government, including the Supreme Court and prominent members of his own party, saw such plans as unconstitutional,〔 as they could lead to presidential re-election, which is permanently outlawed by the Honduran constitution. The Honduran Supreme Court had upheld a lower court injunction against the 28 June poll. However, the constitutional process for dealing with this situation was unclear; there were no clear procedures for removing or prosecuting a sitting president. The crisis culminated in the removal and exile of Honduran President Manuel Zelaya by the Honduran military in a coup d'état. On the morning of 28 June 2009, approximately one hundred soldiers stormed the president's residence in Tegucigalpa and flew him to San José, Costa Rica, actions which he immediately called a "coup" upon his arrival there.〔("Honduran leader forced into exile" ), BBC, 28 June 2009; One hundred soldiers: ("Honduran Leader's Populism is what Provoked Military Violence" ), Benjamin Dangl, Alternet, 1 July 2009. Ten guards: ("Honduras supreme court 'ordered arm coup'" ) Telegraph, 28 June 2009.〕 Later that day, the National Congress voted to remove Zelaya, having read without objection a letter of resignation that Zelaya says was forged. Roberto Micheletti, the President of Congress and next in the presidential line of succession, was sworn in as Interim President. A "state of exception" suspending civil liberties was declared on 1 July by Micheletti's government〔("High noon in Honduras" ), Laura Carlsen, Alternet, 4 July 2009.〕 and various curfews were imposed, some nationwide.〔(El nuevo presidente de Honduras decreta el toque de queda )〕〔(Honduras suspende el toque de queda )〕 On 21 September 2009, Zelaya returned in secret to Honduras, after several attempts to return had been rebuffed. It was announced that he was in the Brazilian embassy in Tegucigalpa. The following day five constitutional rights were suspended for 45 days by the Honduras government. Specifically the government suspended: personal liberty (Article 69), freedom of expression (Article 72), freedom of movement (Article 81), habeas corpus (Article 84) and freedom of association and assembly. The decree suspending human rights was officially revoked on 19 October 2009 in La Gaceta. International reaction to the 2009 Honduran crisis garnered widespread condemnation of the events as a coup d'état. The United Nations, the Organization of American States (OAS), and the European Union condemned the removal of Zelaya as a military coup, and some of these condemnations may still remain unretracted. The OAS rejected an attempt by Honduras to withdraw from the organisation and then suspended Honduras the next day.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=July 5, 2009 press release posted on oas.org: "The Special General Assembly of the Organization of American States (OAS) decided today to suspend immediately the right to participate in the institution of Honduras following the coup d’Etat that expelled President José Manuel Zelaya from power." )〕 Domestic opinion remains very much divided, and there have been demonstrations for and against Zelaya. Efforts by Costa Rican President Óscar Arias〔 and the United States〔 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 GuaymurasFirmado )〕 to effect a diplomatic solution between Micheletti and Zelaya initially resulted in a proposal by President Arias calling for Zelaya's return to the presidency, albeit with curtailed powers. Arias's proposal also stipulated political amnesty and advanced the Honduran general elections by a month, pushing them to take place in October. In spite of US support for the (dubbed) San José Accord, negotiations ultimately broke down as the two parties were unwilling to come to any lasting agreement. Zelaya also insisted that he would not recognise the elections of 29 November as a precondition to returning to power.〔 〕 Honduran leaders refused to reinstate Zelaya before the elections,〔 〕〔 〕 and international support for the elections remained scant leading up to the polls. Many Hondurans sought to move past the crisis with the elections, which had been scheduled previous to Zelaya's ouster.〔 〕 While Zelaya had urged abstention from the vote, initial returns indicated a larger than usual turnout, around 60%, a figure which was subsequently revised downward to 49%. Zelaya also disputed those figures at the time.〔 〕 Some Honduran activists have ended daily protests demanding the reinstatement of Zelaya since he was ousted in a coup, saying they are moving on since Congress had voted to keep Manuel Zelaya out of office.〔 〕 The crisis drew to a close with the inauguration of the newly elected president, Porfirio Lobo, on 27 January 2010 and a deal to allow Zelaya to leave the Brazilian embassy into exile in the Dominican Republic.〔 〕 ==Background== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「2009 Honduran constitutional crisis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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